Hormetic response of cholinesterase from Daphnia magna in chronic exposure to triazophos and chlorpyrifos

In vivo activity of cholinesterase (ChE) in Daphnia magna was measured at di erent time points during 21-day exposure to triazophos and chlorpyrifos ranging from 0.05 to 2.50 g/L and 0.01 to 2.00 g/L, respectively. For exposure to triazophos, ChE was induced up to 176.5% at 1.5 g/L and day 10 when measured by acetylthiocholine (ATCh), whereas it was induced up to 174.2% at 0.5 g/L and day 10 when measured by butyrylthiocholine (BTCh). For exposure to chlorpyrifos, ChE was induced up to 134.0% and 160.5% when measured by ATCh and BTCh, respectively, with both maximal inductions detected at 0.1 g/L and day 8. Obvious induction in terms of ChE activity was also detected in daphnia removed from exposures 24 hr after their birth and kept in a recovery culture for 21 days. Results indicated that the enzyme displayed symptoms of hormesis, a characteristic featured by conversion from low-dose stimulation to high-dose inhibition. In spite of that, no promotion in terms of reproduction rate and body size was detected at any tested concentrations regardless of whether the daphnia were collected at end of the 21-day exposure or at end of a 21-day recovery culture. This suggested that induction of ChE caused by anticholinesterases had nothing to do with the prosperity of the daphnia population.     

Effects of stable aqueous fullerene nanocrystal (nC60) on Daphnia magna: Evaluation of hop frequency and accumulations under different conditions

We investigated the effects of environmental factors and properties of water-stable crystal fullerene (nC60) on the uptake of nC60 by Daphnia magna based on known accumulation in our laboratory. This study was performed for seven days using different environmental factors including temperature, pH, water hardness, concentration (density of particle), and particle size. Results demonstrated that body burden of C60 increased with time in all experiments. Body burden of C60 increased with increasing concentration and particle size, and uptake of particles >100 nm reached their maximums more quickly than those <100 nm. Under high hardness in aqueous systems with lower pH and high temperature, uptake was higher than those under opposite conditions. Uptake in all batch tests reached balance within five days. Both nC60 properties and environmental factors influenced uptake of nC60 by D. magna in an aqueous system. Additionally, environmental factors may have affected accumulation by changing nC60 properties, which are critical to understand the accumulation of fullerenes in aqueous systems.     

水中天然有机溶解物对速灭菊酯毒性的影响

水中天然有机溶解物(DOM)按分子大小分成4个组分.杀虫剂速灭菊酯对大型溞的毒性因加入10倍天然浓度的DOM的1μ—0.2μ组分而显著增大,速灭菊酯的EC_(50)由0.76μg/L降低到0.29μg/L.DOM的其它组分(0.2μ—30kM.W.,30k—10kM.W.,10k—1kM.W)不影响其毒性或稍有降低但不显著.发现粘附大型溞的程度与速灭菊酯的浓度成比例,但是粘附与所用的DOM的大小组分无关.     

3种不同水蚤对焦化废水综合毒性的响应分析

为考察不同受试蚤类对典型工业废水毒性的响应差异,以标准模式生物大型蚤(Daphnia magna)、辽宁本地生物隆线蚤(Daphnia carinata)和湖北本地生物蚤状溞(Daphnia pulex)为受试生物,以单一毒物(重铬酸钾)及实际焦化废水为研究对象,考察了3种水蚤作为工业废水受试生物的可行性,以及焦化废水原水和经垂直折流多功能生化反应器(VTBR)处理后出水对不同种水蚤的综合毒性效应。结果表明,3种水蚤均可作为考察行业废水毒性的受试生物,其中蚤状溞相对其他2种水蚤对焦化废水原水及VTBR工艺处理后出水均具有较好的敏感性;模式生物大型蚤较适合作为考察暴露时间对蚤类毒性影响的受试生物。利用不同蚤类对行业废水进行毒性效应分析,不仅可以为选择敏感受试生物提供参考,也可以更准确地反映废水中各种污染物的综合毒性。     

一种离子液体——溴化1-辛基—3-甲基咪唑对大型溞摄食强度的影响

用计数法研究了一种离子液体--溴化I-辛基-3-甲基咪唑对大型溞滤水率和摄食率的影响及恢复条件下子代大型溞摄食强度的变化,以初步探讨离子液体对水生生态系统可能的影响.实验结果表明:离子液体显著降低了母代大型溞的滤水率和摄食率,最低浓度(7μg·L-1)处理组二者分别比对照下降了26.5%和20.6%,最高浓度处理组(112μg·L-1)二者下降了84%和80%;子代的滤水率和摄食率也受到抑制,且抑制程度大于母代,在离子液体浓度为112μg·L-1时子代第3胎幼潘滤水率和摄食率的下降比率高达95.5%和94.3%.将母体暴露于不同浓度离子液体的大型溞的子代第1胎和第3胎幼溞转入恢复实验,较低浓度处理组其摄食行为得到一定的恢复,但高浓度处理组仍受到较强的抑制,约比对照下降了80%.因此,离子液体严重影响了大型溞的摄食强度,对水生生态系统安全具有潜在的威胁.     

QUALITY OF WATER AND BOTTOM SEDIMENTS IN THE TRINITY RIVER1

ABSTRACT: Data were developed to determine the quality of water and bottom sediments in the Trinity River, and the mobility of various contaminants when bottom sediments were mixed with the river water under simulated dredging conditions. Thirteen sampling sites were selected. A number of chemical tests including heavy metals and pesticides were conducted on river water, elutriates, and bottom sediments. Statis bioassays using Daphnia magna were conducted on river water and elutriates. Results indicated that the river in the upper reach is grossly polluted due to discharge of waste water effluents from several large treatment plants. High concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, organic carbon, COD, heavy metals, and pesticides were found in water and bottom sediments. The concentrations of most of these pollutants exceeded the EPA recommended limits. Elutriation gave no consistent results, perhaps because of release or uptake of contaminants from the sediments. High mortality of D. magna were also recorded in the upper reach of the river. The quality of water and bottom sediments gradually improved in lower reaches.     

三苯基锡和三丁基锡对大型蚤(Daphnia magna)的毒性作用研究

本研究测定了三苯基锡（ＴＰＴ）和三丁基锡（ＴＢＴ）对大型蚤（Ｄａｐｈｎｉａ ｍａｇｎａ）的急性毒性及慢性毒性,同时研究了环境因素（腐殖酸、硬度、酸度）对ＴＰＴ和ＴＢＴ的２４ｈ－ＥＣ５０的影响。结果表明,ＴＰＴ和ＴＢＴ对大型蚤的２４ｈ－ＥＣ５０分别为１３．３３ｕｇＳｎ．１＾－１和３．９１ｕｇＳｎ．１＾－１,慢性实验结果表明,ＴＰＴ对大型蚤的生长繁殖有一定的抑制作用。     

四种污染物对大型蚤的毒性效应

硫氰酸钠，二甲基甲酰胺，乙腈和丙烯腈是化工生产中排放的有毒有害污染物，会造成水生生物的急性死亡和慢性中毒，破坏水生态系统的生物多样性和功能。为保护水生态系统，需研究这些污染物对水生物的毒性效应，制定其在水中的允许浓度和排旷标准。本文研究了这四种污染物大型蚤的急性和慢性毒性效应，结果表明硫氰酸钠，二甲基甲酰胺，乙腈和丙烯腈对大型蚤的急性毒性值（４８ｈ＝ＥＣ５０）分别为４．２２ｍｇ／Ｌ，３５６１ｍｇ／     

取代苯甲醛衍生物的定量结构-活性关系(QSAR)研究

本文研究了反应性化合物取代苯甲醛衍生物对大型蚤(Daphnia magna)的48h急性毒性,建立了定量结构-活性关系模型,探讨了其毒性作用机制,发现其毒性主要取决于笨环上取代基的Hammett电效应常数.模型预测结果与实验结果基本一致     

Comparative study of four QSAR models of aromatic compounds to aquatic organisms

Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs)were developed for 43 aromatic compounds toxicity to Photobacterium phosphoreum and Daphnia magna based on four methods: octanol/water partition coefficient, linear solvation energy relationship, molecular connectivity index and group contribution. Through the evaluation of four QSAR methods, LSER was proved to be the best. And it applied to the widest range of chemicals with the greatest accuracy.